對於 35mm 全片幅(Full Frame)底片或感光元件來說,28mm 到 70mm 是一段非常經典的標準變焦焦段。
For 35mm full-frame film or sensors, 28mm to 70mm is a classic standard zoom range.
視角 (Field of View, FOV) 比較表
以下是基於 35mm 底片(片幅尺寸為 36mm x 24mm)計算出的水平視角:
The following table shows the horizontal Field of View (FOV) based on 35mm film (frame size 36mm x 24mm):
| 焦距 (Focal Length) | 水平視角 (Horizontal FOV) | 鏡頭類別 (Lens Category) |
| 28mm | ~65° | 廣角 (Wide-angle) |
| 35mm | ~54° | 小廣角/人文 (Standard Wide) |
| 50mm | ~40° | 標準/人眼視角 (Normal/Standard) |
| 70mm | ~29° | 望遠/人像 (Short Telephoto) |
詳細說明 (Detailed Explanation)
28mm (廣角 Wide-angle):
這個焦段提供約 65° 的水平視角,非常適合拍攝風景、建築或是室內空間,能拍進較寬廣的畫面。
This focal length provides a horizontal FOV of about 65°, making it ideal for landscapes, architecture, or interior spaces.
70mm (短望遠 Short Telephoto):
視角縮窄至約 29°。這個焦段通常用於人像攝影,因為它能提供適度的空間壓縮感,且不會像超廣角鏡頭那樣造成臉部線條扭曲。
The FOV narrows to about 29°. This is typically used for portraiture as it provides pleasing compression without the facial distortion seen in wider lenses.
視角計算公式 (FOV Formula)
如果你想知道更精確的數值,可以使用以下公式(以弧度表示,需再轉換為角度):
If you need a more precise value, you can use the following formula:
$d$ 是底片或感光元件的尺寸(例如水平寬度 36mm)。
$f$ 是焦距。
需要我為您計算在其他片幅(如 APS-C)上的等效焦距或視角嗎?
Would you like me to calculate the equivalent focal length or FOV for other sensor sizes like APS-C?
對於 360° 全景相機
(如 Ricoh Theta 或 GoPro Max)來說,「焦距」的表示方式與傳統 35mm 相機略有不同,因為它們的目標是捕捉整個球體空間,而不是單一方向的矩形畫面。
For 360-degree panoramic cameras, the representation of "focal length" differs from traditional 35mm cameras because their goal is to capture the entire spherical space rather than a single rectangular frame.
1. 物理焦距與等效焦距 (Physical vs. Equivalent Focal Length)
這類相機通常使用魚眼鏡頭 (Fisheye Lenses)。雖然它們有物理焦距(通常非常短),但為了讓攝影師理解其視野,通常會標註「35mm 等效焦距」。
These cameras usually use fisheye lenses. While they have physical focal lengths (usually very short), they are often labeled with a "35mm equivalent focal length" to help photographers understand the field of view.
| 項目 (Item) | 360° 相機典型數值 (Typical 360° Camera Values) | 說明 (Explanation) |
| 物理焦距 (Physical Focal Length) | ~1mm - 2mm | 因為感光元件通常很小,且需極廣視角。 |
| 35mm 等效焦距 (35mm Equivalent) | ~6mm - 10mm | 在全片幅上,這相當於超廣角魚眼鏡頭。 |
| 視角 (Field of View) | 360° (全景) / 180°+ (單鏡頭) | 每個鏡頭通常捕捉超過 180° 以利縫合。 |
2. 如何表示成像? (How is the image represented?)
360° 相機的成像不是用傳統的「長寬比」來衡量,而是用以下方式表示:
360° camera imaging isn't measured by traditional aspect ratios; instead, it's represented as:
等距柱狀投影 (Equirectangular Projection):
這是最常見的表示法。它將球面展開成一個 2:1 的平面矩形。這就像世界地圖的展開圖,水平視角涵蓋 360°,垂直視角涵蓋 180°。
This maps the sphere onto a 2:1 flat rectangle, similar to a world map projection. It covers 360° horizontally and 180° vertically.
圓形魚眼 (Circular Fisheye):
在內部處理前,感光元件上呈現的是兩個圓形的魚眼影像。
Before processing, the sensor captures two circular fisheye images.
3. 計算上的特殊性 (Mathematical Specifics)
在 360° 系統中,傳統的 $f$(焦距)與 $\theta$(視角)的關係式不再是簡單的三角函數,而是根據投影模型(如等距投影或等角投影)來計算。
In 360° systems, the relationship between focal length $f$ and FOV $\theta$ follows projection models rather than simple trigonometry:
註: 在這裡,$r$ 是影像點到中心點的距離,$\theta$ 是入射角(弧度)。這表示影像高度與角度成線性正比,這就是為什麼它能捕捉極限廣角。
Note: Here, $r$ is the distance from the image point to the center, and $\theta$ is the angle of incidence. This linear relationship allows for extreme wide-angle capture.
您是想了解特定 360 相機型號的參數,還是想知道如何將 360 影像轉換為普通平面的視角?
Are you looking for specs on a specific 360 camera model, or do you want to know how to "defish" or crop a 360 image into a standard flat FOV?